What are female friendship hierarchies?

Female friendship hierarchies are unspoken status patterns inside a friend group that influence who gets included first, who gets listened to most, and who feels “core” versus optional. They usually aren’t announced. They show up through invitations, attention, loyalty expectations, and how the group responds to your boundaries, needs, and wins.

Are female friendship hierarchies normal in adult life?

They can be common, especially in larger groups, because humans naturally form social structures. The issue is not whether a hierarchy exists, but whether it stays flexible and kind. If rank starts controlling belonging, you’ll feel anxious, self monitoring, or afraid to be fully yourself.

How can I tell if I’m low status in my friend group?

A low status position often feels like inconsistent access. You hear about plans late, you’re included “when it’s convenient,” your messages get less engagement, and your presence is treated as optional. The clearest sign is pattern, not a single incident: repeated exclusion, repeated ambiguity, repeated lack of reciprocity.

Why do I feel anxious after posting in the group chat?

Group chats turn closeness into visible signals: fast replies, silence, emoji energy, inside jokes, and who gets followed up privately. That visibility can trigger social comparison and “belonging threat,” making your nervous system scan for rank cues. A helpful reframe is: “One chat thread is not a verdict on my worth.”

Is it a red flag if my friends make plans without me?

Sometimes no. Adult life is messy and spontaneous plans happen. It becomes a red flag when it’s consistent and when the same people are always “spontaneously” included. If you often find out afterward and your honest questions are met with defensiveness or blame, you’re likely dealing with a hierarchy dynamic.

How do I talk about feeling excluded without sounding needy?

Try calm clarity, not accusation. For example: “I noticed I’ve been hearing about plans after the fact. I care about you, and I’d love to understand if this was spontaneous or if the group is shifting into a smaller core.” Healthy friends respond with care and context, not punishment.

What’s the difference between healthy friendship closeness and hierarchy control?

Healthy closeness feels secure even when you’re not present. Hierarchy control feels conditional: closeness is used as a reward for compliance, silence becomes a punishment, and you feel pressure to perform loyalty. A quick test: if you set a boundary, does the warmth remain, or does your “rank” drop?

Are “inside jokes” always a sign of exclusion?

Not always. Inside jokes can be normal bonding and shared history. They become exclusion when they function like a border wall: you’re repeatedly left confused, the same people are always “in,” and your attempts to join are met with dismissal. If the room requires you to perform laughter to belong, that’s information.

Can jealousy and competition exist in female friendships without anyone being “bad”?

Yes. Jealousy can show up when life feels scarce: time, attention, dating, success, beauty, money, opportunities. You don’t have to label someone as a villain to protect yourself. You can notice the pattern, adjust what you share, and seek friendships where your wins are met with clean celebration.

What should I do if my friend group bonds through gossip?

Notice whether the talk is compassionate processing or reputation management. If gossip becomes the main glue, it often creates fear: “If I’m not aligned, I’m next.” A simple boundary is: “I don’t feel good talking about her when she isn’t here. What’s going on for you?” If that boundary makes you unsafe, step back.

How do I stop overgiving in friendships to earn belonging?

Start with one micro shift: reduce one automatic “service behavior” (constant checking in, immediate replies, emotional rescuing) and watch what happens. Real reciprocity will still show up. If warmth disappears when you stop performing, the bond may be built on utility, not mutual care.

When should I leave a friend group instead of trying to fix it?

Consider leaving when you repeatedly feel smaller, confused, or punished for honesty. Another sign is narrative policing: you set boundaries and the story becomes “you changed” or “you’re too sensitive.” If clarity leads to more fog, and repair never happens, your nervous system is giving you an answer.

How do I leave a friend group without drama?

Downshift gradually and kindly. Less explaining, fewer emotional disclosures, fewer bids for validation. Focus on one to one friendships that feel safe. You can exit without a big announcement: “I’m in a quieter season and simplifying my social life.” Drama often comes from overjustifying your choice.

How can I rebuild my social circle after friend group exclusion?

Start with depth over volume. Reach out to one person you trust and rebuild consistency. Then widen slowly: hobby spaces, classes, volunteering, professional communities, friend of a friend dinners. The goal is an ecosystem, not one “main” group. You’re creating belonging that doesn’t require ranking yourself.

Are female friendship hierarchies the same as “mean girl” behavior?

Not exactly. “Mean girl” implies obvious cruelty. Hierarchies can be subtle, even polite, and sometimes unconscious. The harm comes from the system: access, attention, and protection become uneven, and the group starts treating closeness like a prize. You can name the pattern without turning women into a stereotype.

Female friendship hierarchies: The subtle social rules no one admits (and how to stay true to Yourself inside the circle)

There is a very specific kind of ache that does not come from a clear fight.

It comes from something softer and sharper at the same time: a pause in the group chat that feels louder than words, a plan you learn about only after the photos appear, a friend who is affectionate in public and strangely distant when you are alone with her. Nothing is dramatic enough to point at. Nothing is obvious enough to explain. And yet your body walks away braced, alert, smaller.

If you have ever thought, “I’m being ridiculous, they’re just busy,” and then later realized you were busy too, but somehow you were the only one who became optional, this article is for you.

We are going to name what is usually left unnamed: female friendship hierarchies.

Not as a stereotype. Not as a shame story about women. Gossip and social talk are human behaviors, and research on everyday gossip shows most of it is neutral rather than cruel. Gossip can also serve functions like bonding and social learning.

And still, hierarchy can quietly enter a friend group and start shaping who gets closeness, who gets credibility, who gets protected, and who has to work harder to belong.

Humans organize themselves into status structures across many contexts, and social networks influence how those hierarchies form and persist. Friendship is not immune. Friendship is simply more intimate, which makes the hierarchy feel more personal.

This piece is a map. A translation guide. A nervous system exhale.

You are not going to use it to become more strategic and performative. You are going to use it to become more free.

What “hierarchy” looks like in friendship (and ihy It feels so confusing)

When we hear the word hierarchy, we imagine formal roles. A boss. A leader. A title.

Friendship hierarchy is usually informal. It is the difference between being central and being peripheral. It is who gets automatic inclusion, and who gets included only when they ask, and who gets included only when someone remembers.

It is also rarely announced. Which is why it makes smart, emotionally aware women doubt themselves.

A friendship hierarchy can look like:

Proximity that is uneven
Information that is not shared equally
Protection that goes to some people first
Permission that some friends have to take up space
Visibility that makes one woman feel celebrated and another feel tolerated

In network terms, it resembles a pattern where certain people have more connections, more influence over group flow, or occupy “bridge” positions that control access between subgroups.

In emotional terms, it resembles a room where you keep adjusting your tone, your joy, your honesty, your needs, just to stay in the room.

And here is the twist that makes it extra painful: adult friendship is often expected to be the soft place. The chosen family. The relief. So when status appears, it can feel like betrayal, even if nobody intended harm.

Friendship is strongly linked to wellbeing, and supportive adult friendships uniquely contribute to flourishing. That is part of why this matters. Your nervous system is not being dramatic when it treats friendship as high stakes. It is responding to something real.

The velvet ladder: A new model for understanding female friendship status

Let’s give the hidden structure a name you can actually feel.

Think of some friend groups as having a Velvet Ladder. Not a metal ladder you can see, but a soft one you sense.

It is built from five quiet currencies:

Access
Who gets invited first. Who is assumed to be included. Who hears about things early.
Attention
Who gets responses, enthusiasm, follow up questions, and emotional curiosity.
Authority
Who gets believed. Who gets to define what happened. Who gets the “benefit of the doubt.”
Affection
Who gets warmth without earning it. Who gets softness without performing.
Alliance
Who gets defended when tensions rise. Who gets chosen when sides appear.

Most women never consciously say, “I want to be higher on the ladder.”

What they want is simpler: to feel secure, seen, and safe.

The problem is that in some groups, security becomes rank.

When hierarchy is neutral vs when it becomes harmful

Not every hierarchy signal means toxicity.

A group can have a natural center because one person hosts, or because two people have more history, or because someone is going through a crisis and needs extra care.

Healthy hierarchy feels flexible. It does not require shrinking. It does not punish honesty. It does not make love feel scarce.

Harmful hierarchy feels rigid. It turns closeness into a prize. It creates consequences for being fully yourself.

A quick gut check:

If you became more honest, more successful, more calm, more boundaried, would this group still have room for you?

If the answer feels shaky, you are likely dealing with a ladder, not just logistics.

Why female friendship hierarchies happen even among good people

It helps to understand this without turning it into “women are the problem.”

Adult life creates closeness scarcity

Time is limited. Energy is limited. Attention is limited. Many women are balancing work, relationships, caregiving, healing, ambition, exhaustion.

When time becomes scarce, being chosen becomes charged.

Online life adds a constant comparison layer, and research and policy reviews have raised concerns about how social media environments can amplify pressures on women and girls. When comparison is chronic, friendships can start carrying status anxiety even when love is present.

There is also research specifically on social media friendship jealousy, linking it with lower friendship quality.

So yes, it can feel like the group chat is a stage, because sometimes it is.

Reputation travels through talk

Gossip is not automatically malicious, but it is a reputation engine. Research frames gossip as a mechanism that can shape reputation formation and cooperation.

When reputation becomes currency, hierarchy has fuel.

Exclusion does not need a screaming fight to hurt

Ostracism is powerful because it is ambiguous and socially destabilizing. Work on ostracism reviews shows it can harm relationships and wellbeing. Friend groups are not workplaces, but the nervous system response to being sidelined can be similar.

Relational harm exists, including in adulthood

Relational aggression refers to attempts to harm someone through relationships rather than direct confrontation, and research continues to explore its presence across adulthood and its mental health links.

Naming this is not anti woman. It is pro reality.

We are going to walk through the rules the ladder runs on. Not to make you suspicious. To make you clear.

Rule 1: Invitations reveal rank, not closeness

In hierarchical groups, invitations are not just plans. They are signals.

Signal → you are told about events, not invited into them
Signal → plans are “spontaneous” but somehow always include the same core people
Signal → you are included when numbers are needed, not when intimacy is happening

What this often means: the group has a center and a perimeter.

A healthy response is not begging for entry. It is building parallel closeness.

You stop treating the group as the only doorway.

Rule 2: The group chat is a micro hierarchy machine

Group chats create a new kind of social math.

Some people receive immediate warmth.
Some people receive polite delay.
Some people receive silence that feels like a verdict.

And because you cannot see facial expressions, your brain tries to interpret the silence as danger.

This is where you need a grounding truth: responsiveness is not always love, and silence is not always rejection.

But patterns matter.

If the pattern is that your bids for connection land flat while others are amplified, your body is picking up a hierarchy signal.

Rule 3: Information is a currency

Who knows first matters.

In healthy friendships, updates travel naturally.
In hierarchical friendships, updates travel strategically.

Signal → you learn about decisions late
Signal → you are told “I thought you knew” when you clearly did not
Signal → details are shared with you only when convenient

Information control creates dependence. Dependence creates rank.

Rule 4: Emotional labor can become your “role” in the circle

Many women keep belonging by becoming useful.

They are the listener.
They are the fixer.
They are the one who remembers birthdays and checks in and smooths tension.

In a secure circle, care is reciprocal.
In a hierarchical circle, care becomes your job title.

The heartbreak is subtle: you are needed, but not prioritized.

Rule 5: Loyalty tests replace honest communication

A loyalty test is when someone makes your belonging conditional on alignment, not on integrity.

Signal → neutrality is treated as betrayal
Signal → you are pressured to take sides in conflicts you did not create
Signal → your independent friendship with someone is framed as disloyalty

This creates a ladder where the highest rank goes to the most compliant.

Rule 6: Compliments can be used to place you

Compliments are not always just affection. Sometimes they are placement.

You are the “sweet one.”
You are the “funny one.”
You are the “messy one.”
You are the “responsible one.”

Those labels can look harmless until you try to grow beyond them.

Then the group becomes uneasy, because your expansion disrupts the ranking.

Rule 7: Your joy becomes a threat when the group runs on comparison

You share good news. The energy shifts.

They say they are happy for you, but the warmth does not reach their eyes.
They change the subject quickly.
They make a joke that subtly shrinks the moment.

This is where social media culture can intensify the dynamic, because constant comparison primes jealousy and perceived threat.

Your joy is not the problem. The group’s scarcity mindset is.

Rule 8: “Concern” can be a socially acceptable way to harm reputation

Sometimes the most damaging talk is packaged as care.

“I’m worried about her.”
“I just want what’s best for her.”
“I love her, but…”

Gossip research highlights that gossip can serve social functions, including reputation related functions. The key is whether the talk increases compassion and accountability, or whether it quietly positions someone as unstable, untrustworthy, or embarrassing.

If “concern” consistently flows toward control and framing, you are watching the ladder being maintained.

Rule 9: Ambiguity is a power move, even when unconscious

Warm one day. Cold the next.

This makes you work harder. You analyze. You over explain. You try to “get back” to the warmth.

Ambiguity keeps people orbiting.

In healthy friendship, you can address confusion and get clarity.
In hierarchy based friendship, clarity is treated like drama.

Rule 10: Exiting the ladder triggers narrative policing

When you step back, the group often writes a story.

You changed.
You got a boyfriend.
You think you’re better now.
You’re too sensitive.

This is not always deliberate cruelty. Sometimes it is the group trying to stabilize itself.

But it matters, because narratives shape reputation, and reputation shapes belonging.

Two tables to help You decode the room without losing Yourself

These are “normal” tables you can screenshot and return to when your mind starts spiraling.

Table 1: Hierarchy signals vs healthy signals

Table 2: The group chat micro signals decoder

If you want a research anchored reminder while using this filter: studies describe gossip as a mechanism involved in reputation formation and cooperation, not just “mean talk.”

Watercolor-style close-up of two women facing each other nose-to-nose, capturing female friendship tension, intimacy, and unspoken power dynamics.

The most uncomfortable truth: Sometimes the ladder lives inside You too

Let’s pause on the brave question most people avoid.

What if the hierarchy hurts so much because it attaches to an old wound?

Maybe you were the girl who had to earn inclusion.
Maybe you were the peacemaker.
Maybe you learned that love is conditional.

Adult friendship can trigger those attachment shaped beliefs, and the more your wellbeing depends on belonging, the more your nervous system treats rank like survival.

The goal is not to become indifferent.
The goal is to become internally anchored.

A simple internal shift:

Old question → “What do I need to do to stay chosen?”
New question → “What do I need to do to stay myself?”

How to opt out of the ranking game without burning everything down

You do not need to “confront the group.” You do not need a dramatic exit. You need a new pattern of self respect.

Step 1: Build a friendship ecosystem, not a friendship throne

Hierarchies thrive when one group becomes your only mirror.

When you diversify your connection, the ladder loses power.

Think in ecosystems:

One friend for laughter.
One friend for tenderness.
One friend for ambition.
One friend for honest feedback.
One friend for quiet companionship.

Adult friendship supports wellbeing, but the quality and reciprocity matter more than having one “main group.”

Step 2: Choose clarity over mind reading

A gentle direct sentence can collapse weeks of anxiety.

Try this:

“I’ve noticed I often hear about plans after the fact. I care about you and I’d like to understand if the group is keeping things smaller lately, or if it’s just been spontaneous.”

This does three things:

It names your reality.
It offers a generous interpretation.
It invites truth.

In healthy friendship, clarity strengthens intimacy.
In hierarchy based friendship, clarity threatens the ladder, and you learn quickly what you’re dealing with.

Step 3: Stop paying for belonging with over giving

If you notice you are always the one who checks in, remembers, repairs, and softens, experiment with doing less, not in resentment, but in reality testing.

Reciprocity is information.

If warmth disappears when you stop performing, you were not loved for who you are. You were valued for what you provide.

Step 4: Reduce your exposure to digital ranking triggers

If social media posts and group chat energy spike your anxiety, treat that as a mental health boundary, not a personal weakness.

There is research linking social media friendship jealousy with lower friendship quality. There are also policy reviews discussing how social media environments can disproportionately affect women and girls through bias, harassment, and pressure.

So yes, stepping back is intelligent.

Step 5: Protect your reputation by becoming allergic to triangulation

Triangulation is when someone pulls you into an alliance against someone else.

It sounds like intimacy, but it is a trap.

A clean response:

“I care about her and I’m not comfortable talking about her like this when she isn’t here. If you’re upset, I support you telling her directly.”

This is not moral superiority. It is self protection. Gossip shapes reputation. Refusing triangulation keeps your name out of the ladder machinery.

Conversation scripts that keep You calm and clear

You can be soft and boundaried at the same time.

When you feel quietly excluded

“I saw you all got together. I felt left out, and I also know adult life is full. Can you tell me if that was spontaneous, or if the group is shifting into a smaller core lately?”

If they respond with warmth and inclusion, great.
If they respond with defensiveness and blame, that is information.

When your good news gets weird energy

“I’m really proud of this, and I want to share it with friends who can celebrate with me. Are you in that place right now?”

Notice how this invites honesty instead of demanding performance.

When you are always the support friend

“I care about you, and I’m realizing I’ve been holding a lot lately. I want our friendship to have space for both of us.”

If the friendship is real, it grows.
If the ladder is real, you may be punished for asking.

When gossip is used as bonding

“I get the curiosity, but I don’t feel good talking about her when she isn’t here. Tell me how you’re doing instead.”

Gossip can bond and teach norms, but you get to choose a higher quality form of closeness.

If You realize You are “high status” in the group

This is the most powerful part, because it is where you can change culture.

Being central is not a sin. Being central without accountability can create a ladder.

If you are the organizer, the connector, the one everyone checks with, you can make inclusion normal:

You invite the quieter friend without making it a “charity invite.”
You share the spotlight.
You do not let inside jokes become walls.
You speak well of women when they are not in the room.

Women’s friendships can build resources like support and empowerment. The safest groups are not the ones with the most charisma. They are the ones where power is shared.

The “Queen Bee” story and why it can distract You

Sometimes people explain female hierarchy pain with a simple myth: women in power always tear other women down.

Research is more nuanced.

Some work discusses “queen bee” dynamics in specific contexts like male dominated workplaces and identity threat. Other large scale evidence suggests the phenomenon can be overstated, and female leadership can increase representation of other women.

For friendship, the takeaway is this:

Do not reduce complex social pain to a gender stereotype.
Do not ignore social ranking realities either.

Hierarchy is a human pattern. The question is whether your circle is conscious enough to keep love larger than status.

A mindful read ending: The belonging that does not cost You

Here is the standard most people never say out loud, but your body already knows:

Real friendship does not make you audition for affection.

Real friendship does not require you to be smaller than your own life.
Real friendship does not punish you for clarity.
Real friendship does not turn your joy into a threat.
Real friendship does not make you earn basic warmth.

And if you are grieving because you see the ladder now, let that grief be intelligent.

It is the grief of waking up.

You are not “too sensitive.” You are becoming precise about the kind of love you will live inside.

Because the goal is not to be ranked highest.

The goal is to be held kindly.

Painterly scene of four women sharing coffee at a table, reflecting female friendship, group dynamics, and unspoken social hierarchy.

FAQ: Female friendship hierarchies

What are female friendship hierarchies?

Female friendship hierarchies are unspoken status patterns inside a friend group that influence who gets included first, who gets listened to most, and who feels “core” versus optional. They usually aren’t announced. They show up through invitations, attention, loyalty expectations, and how the group responds to your boundaries, needs, and wins.
Are female friendship hierarchies normal in adult life?

They can be common, especially in larger groups, because humans naturally form social structures. The issue is not whether a hierarchy exists, but whether it stays flexible and kind. If rank starts controlling belonging, you’ll feel anxious, self monitoring, or afraid to be fully yourself.
How can I tell if I’m low status in my friend group?

A low status position often feels like inconsistent access. You hear about plans late, you’re included “when it’s convenient,” your messages get less engagement, and your presence is treated as optional. The clearest sign is pattern, not a single incident: repeated exclusion, repeated ambiguity, repeated lack of reciprocity.
Why do I feel anxious after posting in the group chat?

Group chats turn closeness into visible signals: fast replies, silence, emoji energy, inside jokes, and who gets followed up privately. That visibility can trigger social comparison and “belonging threat,” making your nervous system scan for rank cues. A helpful reframe is: “One chat thread is not a verdict on my worth.”
Is it a red flag if my friends make plans without me?

Sometimes no. Adult life is messy and spontaneous plans happen. It becomes a red flag when it’s consistent and when the same people are always “spontaneously” included. If you often find out afterward and your honest questions are met with defensiveness or blame, you’re likely dealing with a hierarchy dynamic.
How do I talk about feeling excluded without sounding needy?

Try calm clarity, not accusation. For example: “I noticed I’ve been hearing about plans after the fact. I care about you, and I’d love to understand if this was spontaneous or if the group is shifting into a smaller core.” Healthy friends respond with care and context, not punishment.
What’s the difference between healthy friendship closeness and hierarchy control?

Healthy closeness feels secure even when you’re not present. Hierarchy control feels conditional: closeness is used as a reward for compliance, silence becomes a punishment, and you feel pressure to perform loyalty. A quick test: if you set a boundary, does the warmth remain, or does your “rank” drop?
Are “inside jokes” always a sign of exclusion?

Not always. Inside jokes can be normal bonding and shared history. They become exclusion when they function like a border wall: you’re repeatedly left confused, the same people are always “in,” and your attempts to join are met with dismissal. If the room requires you to perform laughter to belong, that’s information.
Can jealousy and competition exist in female friendships without anyone being “bad”?

Yes. Jealousy can show up when life feels scarce: time, attention, dating, success, beauty, money, opportunities. You don’t have to label someone as a villain to protect yourself. You can notice the pattern, adjust what you share, and seek friendships where your wins are met with clean celebration.
What should I do if my friend group bonds through gossip?

Notice whether the talk is compassionate processing or reputation management. If gossip becomes the main glue, it often creates fear: “If I’m not aligned, I’m next.” A simple boundary is: “I don’t feel good talking about her when she isn’t here. What’s going on for you?” If that boundary makes you unsafe, step back.
How do I stop overgiving in friendships to earn belonging?

Start with one micro shift: reduce one automatic “service behavior” (constant checking in, immediate replies, emotional rescuing) and watch what happens. Real reciprocity will still show up. If warmth disappears when you stop performing, the bond may be built on utility, not mutual care.
When should I leave a friend group instead of trying to fix it?

Consider leaving when you repeatedly feel smaller, confused, or punished for honesty. Another sign is narrative policing: you set boundaries and the story becomes “you changed” or “you’re too sensitive.” If clarity leads to more fog, and repair never happens, your nervous system is giving you an answer.
How do I leave a friend group without drama?

Downshift gradually and kindly. Less explaining, fewer emotional disclosures, fewer bids for validation. Focus on one to one friendships that feel safe. You can exit without a big announcement: “I’m in a quieter season and simplifying my social life.” Drama often comes from overjustifying your choice.
How can I rebuild my social circle after friend group exclusion?

Start with depth over volume. Reach out to one person you trust and rebuild consistency. Then widen slowly: hobby spaces, classes, volunteering, professional communities, friend of a friend dinners. The goal is an ecosystem, not one “main” group. You’re creating belonging that doesn’t require ranking yourself.
Are female friendship hierarchies the same as “mean girl” behavior?

Not exactly. “Mean girl” implies obvious cruelty. Hierarchies can be subtle, even polite, and sometimes unconscious. The harm comes from the system: access, attention, and protection become uneven, and the group starts treating closeness like a prize. You can name the pattern without turning women into a stereotype.

Sources and inspirations

Redhead, D., & Power, E. A. (2022). Social hierarchies and social networks in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
Pezirkianidis, C., (2023). Adult friendship and wellbeing: A systematic review with practical implications. Frontiers in Psychology.
European Parliament, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. (2023). The impact of the use of social media on women and girls.
Vaillancourt, T., (2024). Social Media Friendship Jealousy. Evolutionary Psychology.
Jolly, E., & Chang, L. J. (2021). Gossip drives vicarious learning and facilitates social connection. Current Biology.
Dores Cruz, T. D., (2021). Gossip and reputation in everyday life. Social Psychological and Personality Science related work available via PMC.
Robbins, M. L., & Karan, A. (2020). Who gossips and how in everyday life? Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Yucel, M., & Moulder, R. G. (2024). Gossiping for a reason: Revised Gossip Functions Questionnaire (RGFQ). Psychological Test Adaptation and Development.
Sharma, N., & Dhar, R. L. (2022). From curse to cure of workplace ostracism: A systematic review and future research agenda. Human Resource Management Review.
Hyder, S., (2025). The social impact of relational aggression on adults’ mental health. Current Psychology.
Faniko, K., Ellemers, N., & Derks, B. (2021). The Queen Bee phenomenon in academia 15 years after. British Journal of Social Psychology.
Arvate, P. R., Galilea, G. W., & Todescat, I. (2018). The queen bee: A myth? The effect of top level female leadership on subordinate females. The Leadership Quarterly.
Lee, J., (2022). How “who someone is” and “what they did” influences social knowledge sharing (gossip).
Guerrero, M., (2022). Women’s friendships: A basis for individual level resources and their connection to power and optimism. The Humanistic Psychologist.

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