When roles become entangled

There is a particular kind of exhaustion that many women cannot quite name, yet it shapes their sense of self, their relationships, and even their ability to breathe fully in the present moment. It is the exhaustion that comes from carrying both motherhood and daughterhood at once — from becoming a caretaker too early, while still longing to be cared for. This entanglement of roles, where a daughter must mother her own mother or carry responsibilities meant for an adult long before she is ready, leaves behind invisible scars. It is more than simply “growing up too soon.” It is the erosion of a boundary that was meant to protect the child and allow her to remain a child.

When motherhood and daughterhood collapse into each other, the woman often grows up believing she must be both at the same time. She may feel responsible for her mother’s emotions, for her siblings’ survival, for the family’s peace. And yet, beneath that strength, there remains a quiet longing: the wish to be held, to be guided, to be seen as someone’s daughter — without the weight of the world resting on her shoulders.

This article explores the pain of that dual role and the ways it lingers across a lifetime. It also offers pathways to healing: not through denial of what happened, but through acknowledgment, compassion, and a deliberate reclaiming of what was lost.

Understanding the inversion of roles

In healthy family dynamics, there is a natural order. Parents protect and provide; children depend and develop. This hierarchy is not about power but about safety — it allows children to grow without needing to manage adult responsibilities. Yet when a mother cannot fulfill her role due to trauma, neglect, illness, or emotional absence, the order can invert. The child steps in as a mother’s confidante, caretaker, or even emotional stabilizer.

Psychologists call this phenomenon parentification, and while the term may sound clinical, its lived reality is visceral. Imagine being ten years old and soothing your mother’s heartbreak. Picture being thirteen and cooking meals because no one else will. Think of being seventeen and acting as a shield between your siblings and your parent’s chaos. Over time, these actions stop feeling like unusual sacrifices and instead become part of one’s identity: “I am the strong one. I am the one who holds everything together.”

But the cost of this strength is profound. A child forced into mothering too soon loses access to the freedom of daughterhood. She misses the secure attachment that allows her to explore, play, and rely on someone else. Instead, her nervous system wires itself around hyper-responsibility, and her body holds stress it never should have carried.

The hidden grief of a stolen daughterhood

To live as both mother and daughter is to carry grief — grief for the childhood that never fully unfolded, grief for the mother who could not mother, grief for the adult self who now must piece together an identity without a stable foundation.

This grief often goes unspoken, because women who grew up in these roles are praised for their resilience. Society admires the strong, self-sufficient woman who “does it all.” Yet beneath the praise is silence around what it cost her to become that way. She may never have had the chance to be comforted without shame, to fail without fear, or to ask for help without guilt.

The grief is not only about what was missing in the past, but also about how it shows up in the present. In relationships, she may struggle to trust others to care for her. In motherhood, she may overextend herself, determined never to let her own children feel the neglect she once endured. Even in moments of supposed rest, her body may remain vigilant, unable to soften into the safety she never knew.

Naming this grief is the first step in healing, because it acknowledges that something was taken. The child should not have been responsible for her mother’s survival. The daughter should not have been forced to become the mother. This naming does not dishonor the real mother, but it does honor the truth of the child who was left unseen.

How this role-shifting shapes adult identity

When a daughter grows up carrying responsibilities that were never hers, her sense of identity becomes tethered to service. She is no longer just herself; she is what others need her to be. As an adult, this can manifest in an almost automatic impulse to fix, soothe, and anticipate the needs of others before they are even spoken.

On the surface, this might look like empathy. Friends might admire her reliability. Partners might rely heavily on her emotional intelligence. In workplaces, she may be the one who holds everyone together during crisis. Yet beneath the praise lies a more painful truth: her worth has become bound to how well she takes care of others, not to who she is at her core.

This shaping of identity often makes it difficult for her to define boundaries. Saying no can feel unnatural, even dangerous, because for so long her safety depended on compliance. Choosing herself might stir feelings of guilt or even shame, as though prioritizing her own needs means betraying the role she was forced into.

And so she continues the pattern, overfunctioning while quietly undernourished. Her adult identity becomes a mask of competence hiding a hunger for nurture — the hunger of the daughter within her who was never allowed to fully exist.

Close-up of a sad young woman with a little girl leaning on her shoulder, symbolizing the emotional weight of carrying both motherhood and daughterhood roles.

The cycle across generations

One of the most painful realities of carrying both motherhood and daughterhood is how easily the cycle repeats. Without intervention, what was once survival becomes inheritance. A woman who grew up mothering her own mother may unconsciously re-create similar dynamics with her children.

This does not mean she becomes neglectful in the same way her mother was. In fact, many women swing to the opposite extreme, becoming hyper-vigilant and overprotective. They pour everything into their children, determined that the cycle of absence will stop with them. Yet in doing so, they may lose sight of their own needs entirely, modeling a form of self-erasure that their children, too, might internalize.

Others may unconsciously reenact the emotional unavailability they once experienced. Having never been taught how to receive care without strings attached, they struggle to give it freely. They may find themselves repeating phrases their mothers once used or expecting emotional maturity from their children that mirrors what was expected of them at a young age.

Breaking this cycle requires not just willpower but awareness. It requires looking at one’s own history with a compassionate yet honest lens, asking: Where did I learn my worth depends on care? Where did I inherit silence instead of comfort? And most importantly, how can I offer myself now what I needed then, so that my children do not have to carry what I carried?

The silent burnout of emotional labor

The dual role of mother and daughter does not end with childhood; it often extends into adulthood as a form of chronic emotional labor. Women who grew up in this pattern are often the ones who organize family gatherings, who mediate conflicts, who remember birthdays, who call to check on everyone else. To the outside world, this appears generous and loving. Yet to the woman herself, it can feel like an endless drain.

Unlike physical labor, emotional labor rarely receives recognition. It is invisible work — soothing an angry sibling, balancing the moods of a fragile parent, ensuring harmony in a household that would otherwise collapse. When this becomes ingrained from childhood, it follows her everywhere. She becomes the partner who carries the emotional weight of the relationship. She becomes the friend who listens for hours but rarely speaks of her own struggles. She becomes the colleague who softens her tone, absorbs others’ stress, and ensures no one feels left out.

Over time, this constant caretaking leads to burnout, but not the kind of burnout society recognizes. It is not the exhaustion of long hours at the office but the deep, bone-heavy fatigue of always being the one who holds the container. It is a form of depletion that words rarely capture, because it is not about what she does but about what she cannot stop doing. She cannot stop being the mother, even when she longs to simply be the daughter.

Recognizing this silent burnout is crucial, because it shifts the narrative from “she’s so strong” to “she has been carrying too much for too long.” It allows space for empathy and, more importantly, for change.

Cultural silence around mother–daughter inversions

Across many cultures, there is little room to speak openly about the pain of role reversals between mothers and daughters. Families often frame it as a point of pride — “she grew up fast,” “she was so responsible,” “she always took care of us.” These statements, though seemingly affectionate, conceal the suffering beneath. They glorify survival while ignoring what was stolen.

In patriarchal societies, daughters especially are expected to absorb responsibility quietly. They are conditioned to put others first, to sacrifice without complaint, to equate obedience with love. When such cultural norms meet a family in crisis, the daughter often becomes the silent solution. Her labor fills the gaps, and her needs fade into the background.

Silence also arises from taboo. To admit that a mother could not mother is often viewed as betrayal. Women who speak this truth risk being called ungrateful or disloyal. They may even silence themselves, carrying the secret ache for years, because acknowledging it feels like breaking an unspoken family code. Yet this silence comes at a cost. What is unsaid does not disappear; it lives in the body, in relationships, in the subtle ways a woman apologizes for existing.

Naming this cultural silence is radical because it challenges more than one generation. It invites daughters to speak without shame and to honor their experiences without fear of erasure. It is also an invitation to society itself: to stop celebrating premature maturity and start protecting the sacredness of childhood.

How trauma embeds itself in the body

Carrying both motherhood and daughterhood roles is not just a psychological burden; it is also a somatic one. The nervous system adapts to the constant stress of vigilance and caretaking. A child who must monitor her mother’s moods learns to scan for danger before it arrives. Her body tenses at the first sign of conflict, her breath shortens when she anticipates disappointment, her muscles coil as though preparing for impact.

Even when she becomes an adult, these bodily responses remain. Trauma does not vanish with age; it lives in the fascia, in the breath, in the gut. Chronic headaches, digestive issues, insomnia, and autoimmune flare-ups often trace back to this kind of hyper-responsibility. The body remembers what the mind tries to normalize.

Polyvagal theory, developed by Stephen Porges, explains that the nervous system responds to safety and danger through states of activation. For a child forced into caretaking, the body often remains in sympathetic activation — fight or flight — or drops into dorsal shutdown when the weight becomes too heavy. Over time, this dysregulation can feel like a personality trait rather than what it really is: the body’s survival strategy.

Healing, then, is not only about telling the story differently but about teaching the body that it is no longer living in crisis. Practices like somatic experiencing, breathwork, trauma-informed yoga, and gentle movement become pathways to restore a sense of safety. By releasing the body from the grip of the past, the woman slowly learns that she can rest, she can soften, she can exist without always being on guard.

The healing journey: Reclaiming Daughterhood

Reclaiming daughterhood is not about regressing into childhood. It is about acknowledging the daughter within who was silenced, neglected, or burdened, and giving her the care she longed for. This reclamation begins with permission: permission to say, “I should not have had to carry that. I deserved to be held.”

For some, this healing takes shape through inner child work, a practice of imagining and dialoguing with the younger self. By visualizing the girl she once was — perhaps curled up in bed worrying about her mother, or cooking dinner when she wanted to play outside — she can finally offer the compassion she was denied. This act of re-parenting is not about erasing the past but about rewriting the relationship with oneself in the present.

Therapy also provides a crucial space. With a skilled therapist, a woman can explore the tangled loyalties that often keep her from naming her truth. She can practice receiving care in a safe, structured environment, slowly unlearning the belief that her needs are dangerous or shameful. Group therapy or support circles can also be transformative, offering community validation: a reminder that she is not alone, that countless others carry the same hidden ache.

Reclaiming daughterhood is also about setting boundaries. It is about learning to say no, to rest without apology, to stop managing the emotions of everyone else. These boundaries are not acts of rejection but of repair. Each no becomes a declaration: I am more than what I provide. I am allowed to exist for myself.

This journey is long and often nonlinear, filled with grief and resistance. Yet it is also deeply liberating. To reclaim daughterhood is to step into wholeness. It is to stop living only as the mother to everyone else and to finally remember that she is still a daughter — worthy of nurture, safety, and love.

The complexities of forgiving the Mother

Forgiveness in the context of a mother–daughter inversion is rarely simple. The woman who carried both roles often feels torn between love and resentment, gratitude and grief. She may understand intellectually that her mother’s failures came from her own wounds, yet emotionally she still carries the ache of what she missed.

Forgiving a mother who could not mother is different from forgiving a stranger or even a partner. It strikes at the foundation of identity. For many, forgiveness feels like betrayal of the child within who longed for protection. For others, withholding forgiveness feels like carrying a weight they no longer wish to bear. The truth is that forgiveness is not a one-time decision but an evolving relationship with pain.

Some women find healing in recognizing that forgiveness does not mean forgetting. It does not require denying the harm or pretending it didn’t matter. Instead, forgiveness can be reframed as releasing oneself from the constant grip of anger. It becomes less about excusing the mother and more about freeing the daughter from the endless replay of unmet needs.

Yet it is equally valid for some not to forgive, at least not in the way culture often demands. Sometimes the most honest form of healing is to acknowledge the harm without granting absolution. In this sense, forgiveness is not a requirement but an option — one that must be chosen, if ever, from a place of authenticity rather than pressure.

Artistic split portrait of a young woman with one side vibrant and alive, the other side dark and worn, symbolizing the conflict of carrying both motherhood and daughterhood roles.

How society rewards over-functioning Women

The tragedy of this role inversion is compounded by the way society often rewards it. From a young age, daughters who step into caretaker roles are praised as “mature,” “helpful,” and “responsible.” Teachers commend them for their composure. Family members call them “the little mother.” This praise, though meant as encouragement, actually cements the pattern. It tells the child that her value lies in sacrifice.

As adults, these women continue to be celebrated for their over-functioning. They are admired in workplaces for being dependable under pressure. They are praised in relationships for being nurturing and attentive. They are told they are “strong” when what they really feel is tired. The problem is that strength becomes their identity, leaving little room for vulnerability or rest.

This social reward system makes it difficult for women to step out of the cycle. If they stop giving endlessly, they risk losing the admiration they have been conditioned to rely on. Rest feels selfish. Asking for help feels like weakness. Saying no feels like failure. And so, even when they are depleted, they keep performing the role society applauds — the caretaker, the mother in every space, even when they just want to be the daughter.

Recognizing this societal reinforcement is essential because it shifts the blame. The exhaustion these women feel is not a personal flaw but a reflection of systemic conditioning. By naming this, we begin to create room for different narratives — narratives where women are valued not for what they provide but for who they are.

Pathways to intergenerational healing

Breaking the cycle of mother–daughter inversion requires more than individual healing; it also involves intergenerational repair. This does not always mean reconciliation with one’s mother, though for some that is possible. Rather, it means consciously shifting the dynamics so that the next generation does not inherit the same burden.

One pathway is through conscious parenting. Women who are aware of their own history can intentionally create different environments for their children. They can allow their children to be children, protecting their innocence rather than recruiting them into adult roles. This often means doing the inner work simultaneously — tending to one’s own unmet needs so they do not unconsciously spill onto the next generation.

Another pathway is collective healing. When women gather in circles, workshops, or community groups to share their stories, they break the silence that has isolated them for so long. Collective storytelling not only validates individual experiences but also highlights the systemic nature of the issue. It reframes personal pain as part of a larger cultural pattern, reducing shame and increasing solidarity.

Spiritual or ancestral practices can also play a role. For some, reconnecting with ancestral traditions of mothering — ones disrupted by colonization, poverty, or generational trauma — provides a sense of restoration. Rituals of release, prayer, or ancestral acknowledgment allow women to situate their pain within a lineage, finding strength in knowing they are not alone across time.

Ultimately, intergenerational healing is about choice. It is about choosing to end the cycle not through perfection but through presence. It is about daring to give oneself what was once denied, and in doing so, offering the next generation a different inheritance: not the weight of both roles, but the freedom to fully inhabit just one.

The Daughter who never stops searching for home

A woman who has carried both motherhood and daughterhood often moves through life with a quiet, unshakable longing — a longing for home. Not a physical home necessarily, but the felt sense of safety that home is meant to provide. Because she never experienced true daughterhood, she often finds herself searching for it in adulthood: in friendships, in romantic relationships, in mentors, in spiritual paths.

Sometimes this search looks like dependency, attaching quickly to anyone who offers warmth. At other times, it looks like fierce independence, refusing to rely on anyone while secretly wishing someone would insist on caring for her. Either way, the longing is the same: the yearning to be someone’s child, to be cherished without condition, to be allowed to rest in the lap of another’s presence.

This longing does not mean she is weak. It is, in fact, profoundly human. To want to be held is not regression but a sign that the heart still remembers what it was meant to have. The tragedy is not in the longing itself, but in the shame she may feel for having it. She may believe that by adulthood she should have “outgrown” such needs, when in truth, those needs never go away. They remain until they are acknowledged, honored, and met in new ways.

The role of therapy and self-compassion

For many women, therapy becomes the first place where they are invited to be the daughter they never got to be. A skilled therapist provides not only tools for understanding but also the rare experience of being received without expectation. In the safety of the therapeutic relationship, the woman can practice vulnerability. She can share her story without having to take care of the listener’s feelings. She can let herself be guided rather than always guiding.

Different therapeutic modalities address this pain in unique ways. Psychodynamic therapy explores the unconscious patterns formed in childhood, making space for the daughter’s voice that was silenced. Trauma-informed therapies, like EMDR or somatic experiencing, help release the body from old survival responses. Attachment-based therapy focuses on repairing the very bond that was fractured, showing that secure connection is still possible.

Yet therapy alone is not enough without self-compassion. Self-compassion is the practice of turning inward with the same gentleness one wishes a mother had once offered. It is the act of saying, “I see how hard you worked to survive, and I am here for you now.” This practice counters the harsh inner critic that so many parentified daughters carry — the voice that says they must always do more, give more, be more. By replacing self-criticism with self-kindness, a new narrative begins to take root: one where the woman is not only the caretaker but also the cared-for.

Learning to rest without guilt

Perhaps one of the greatest challenges for women who have carried both roles is learning how to rest. Rest does not come naturally when one’s childhood was defined by constant vigilance. To sit still feels unsafe. To turn off the phone feels irresponsible. To take a nap feels selfish.

Rest, however, is not a luxury but a reclamation. It is the declaration that her body and soul deserve care without conditions. For many, learning to rest begins in small, almost radical acts: lying down in the middle of the day without explanation, allowing dishes to wait until tomorrow, or saying no to an invitation simply because she wants to be alone. These moments may feel rebellious at first, but they are acts of healing.

Over time, rest reshapes the nervous system. The body, once wired for constant alertness, begins to trust that the world will not collapse if she is not holding it together. The mind learns that worth is not measured in productivity. The heart discovers that joy can arise not only from doing but from simply being.

Rest without guilt is a profound way of reclaiming daughterhood. It is saying to oneself: I do not need to earn love by exhaustion. I am enough, even in stillness.

Rewriting narratives through creativity

One of the most powerful ways to process the pain of carrying both motherhood and daughterhood is through creative expression. When words alone feel insufficient, creativity provides a language for what has been silenced. Poetry, painting, music, and journaling allow women to give form to the contradictions they carry: strength and fragility, love and resentment, grief and longing.

For many, journaling becomes a sanctuary. On the page, they can write letters to the mother they wished they had, to the child they once were, or to the self they are still becoming. Others turn to art, painting images of the daughter within — sometimes vibrant and hopeful, sometimes shadowed and weary. Music, too, can become a vessel, carrying emotions that feel impossible to articulate aloud.

What makes creativity so healing is its refusal to demand neatness. A canvas can hold chaos without judgment. A poem can honor conflicting truths without resolving them. In creativity, the woman who has always carried responsibility can finally release control, letting her expression be messy, raw, and unfiltered. In this space, she is no longer only the caretaker but also the creator — reclaiming agency over her own story.

Spiritual dimensions of healing Mother–Daughter wounds

While psychology provides frameworks for understanding, many women also find healing in the spiritual dimensions of their journey. The wound of carrying both roles is not only personal but ancestral, woven into the lineage of mothers and daughters who came before. Spiritual practice can offer a sense of belonging beyond the immediate family, a reminder that healing can ripple backward and forward through time.

Some women turn to meditation or prayer, seeking comfort in a presence larger than themselves. Others engage in rituals of release — writing down burdens on paper and burning them, or speaking aloud the words they never could say to their mother. Still others draw on ancestral practices, invoking the wisdom of grandmothers or women in their cultural history who endured similar burdens.

The spiritual journey often reframes the narrative from isolation to connection. Instead of believing she must heal alone, the woman begins to sense that she is accompanied by unseen support. Whether through divine love, ancestral presence, or the collective energy of women everywhere who are breaking these cycles, she discovers that healing is not only possible but sacred.

Thoughtful young woman sitting on a bed surrounded by childhood toys, family photos, and a small dog, symbolizing the emotional weight of growing up too soon and carrying both motherhood and daughterhood roles.

Imagining a future beyond dual roles

To carry both motherhood and daughterhood is to live in a constant state of fragmentation. Healing, however, opens the possibility of wholeness — a future where women are not defined by roles they never chose but by lives they consciously create.

Imagining this future is not about pretending the past did not happen. It is about asking: Who do I want to be now that I am no longer bound to survival alone? For some, the answer is rest. For others, it is creativity, leadership, or simply the freedom to exist without constantly managing others’ emotions.

In this imagined future, relationships take new shapes. A woman may choose to redefine her bond with her mother, not through obligation but through choice. She may cultivate friendships that allow mutual care, rather than one-sided giving. She may enter partnerships where she is valued for her wholeness, not just her caretaking. Most importantly, she may look at her children — or at her inner child if she chooses not to parent — and know that the cycle has shifted.

This future is not perfect. Healing does not erase scars. But it does create spaciousness where once there was suffocation. It allows the daughter who became the mother to finally step into her own life — not as a fragmented survivor, but as a whole, complex, deeply human being.

Living with both identities without collapse

For many women, healing does not mean completely erasing the parts of themselves that became caretakers too soon. Those instincts — to soothe, to hold, to stabilize — are not inherently wrong. They are evidence of resilience, creativity, and survival. The challenge is not to discard them but to integrate them, so that they coexist with the parts of the self that still long for nurture and rest.

Integration means giving the inner daughter a seat at the table. It means acknowledging her needs without shame, while also honoring the strength of the inner mother who stepped up when no one else did. Instead of collapse — where one role erases the other — integration allows for a dialogue. On some days, the nurturer may lead. On others, the daughter may need space to be cared for. Both identities exist within, and both deserve compassion.

This integration transforms exhaustion into balance. A woman no longer needs to choose between self-erasure and rebellion. She learns to ask for support without guilt, to give care without depletion, and to rest without apology. In this integrated space, she is not confined to a single narrative but allowed to be whole.

A call for collective awareness and change

While healing on the individual level is essential, the issue of daughters carrying both roles cannot be solved in isolation. It requires cultural and societal change. We need communities that do not glorify premature maturity, schools that recognize the signs of parentification, and support systems that intervene when children are carrying adult burdens.

We also need broader conversations about gender roles, emotional labor, and caregiving. Too often, women are conditioned to see self-sacrifice as virtue, while men are not held to the same standard. By challenging these cultural narratives, we open possibilities for daughters to remain daughters, for mothers to seek support without collapsing onto their children, and for families to thrive without hidden burdens.

Collective awareness also means creating accessible resources: affordable therapy, community care, intergenerational dialogues, and spaces where women can share their stories without stigma. Healing becomes not just a personal project but a societal responsibility. Because when one daughter is freed from carrying both roles, the ripple of liberation touches every generation that follows.

Reflections

The pain of carrying both motherhood and daughterhood roles is immense, but it is not the end of the story. Though the scars are real, so too is the possibility of healing. By naming the grief, reclaiming daughterhood, and allowing both identities to coexist without collapse, women can rewrite the script of their lives.

This is not an easy journey. It asks for patience, compassion, and the courage to speak truths that may have been silenced for decades. Yet within this journey lies profound freedom. Freedom to rest without guilt. Freedom to love without over-functioning. Freedom to imagine a future not bound to survival but rooted in choice.

And perhaps, most beautifully, freedom to remember that even the strongest caretaker is still someone’s daughter — still deserving of tenderness, safety, and love.

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Frequently Asked Questions about carrying both Motherhood and Daughterhood roles

  1. What does it mean to carry both motherhood and daughterhood roles?

    It refers to situations where a daughter is forced to take on responsibilities normally expected of a mother. This often happens in families where the mother is emotionally unavailable, struggling with trauma, or unable to fulfill her role, leading the child to act as caregiver, emotional supporter, or even parent to her own parent.

  2. Why is being parentified as a child so damaging?

    Parentification disrupts the natural boundaries between parents and children. Instead of feeling safe and supported, the child becomes responsible for adult problems. This can create long-term emotional, relational, and physical consequences, including chronic anxiety, difficulty setting boundaries, and exhaustion from always feeling responsible for others.

  3. How does carrying both roles affect adulthood?

    Adults who grew up this way often struggle with identity, self-worth, and relationships. They may over-function, constantly caring for others while neglecting their own needs. They may also find it difficult to rest, trust others, or receive love without feeling guilty.

  4. Can the cycle of parentification be broken?

    Yes. While the effects of carrying both roles are profound, healing is possible through therapy, self-compassion, boundary-setting, and conscious awareness. Breaking the cycle also involves refusing to pass the same emotional burdens onto the next generation, allowing children to fully be children.

  5. How can therapy help someone who was parentified?

    Therapy offers a safe space to process grief, unpack family dynamics, and relearn how to receive care. Approaches like trauma-informed therapy, somatic experiencing, and attachment-based therapy can help restore balance in the nervous system and support the reclamation of daughterhood.

  6. What are the first steps to healing from this experience?

    The first step is naming the experience and acknowledging the grief. From there, practices like inner child work, journaling, rest without guilt, and connecting with supportive communities can begin to repair the wounds. Healing is not about erasing the past but about reclaiming wholeness in the present.

Sources and inspirations

  • Ballo, E. (2023). Experiences of parentified 18–24-year-olds: Challenges, identity, and the parentified role. University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons.
  • Cho, S. (2024). A phenomenological study of parentification experiences among young Asian American adults. Contemporary Family Therapy.
  • Ciarico, I. L. (2024). The parentification of eldest daughters [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Dakota]. USD Red Library.
  • Dariotis, J. K., Chen, F. R., Park, Y. R., Nowak, M. K., French, K. M., & Codamon, A. M. (2023). Parentification vulnerability, reactivity, resilience, and thriving: A mixed methods systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
  • Fung, H. W., Robjant, K., Katona, C., & Papadopoulos, C. (2024). Trauma-related mental health problems among mothers in post-migration contexts: Childhood and adulthood trauma as predictors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.
  • Levante, A., Petrocchi, S., Lecciso, F., & Bianco, F. (2023). Parentification, distress, and relationship with parents as factors shaping the relationship between adult siblings and their brother/sister with disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
  • Masiran, R., Mohamed, S., & Ahmad, A. (2023). The positive and negative aspects of parentification. Children and Youth Services Review.
  • Sharpe, L. (2024). Parentification: Identifying young caregivers at risk. Journal of Family Practice & Policy.
  • Tsur, N., Ginzburg, K., & Solomon, Z. (2020). “My own flesh and blood”: Child maltreatment, complex PTSD, and a posttraumatic orientation to the body. Child Abuse & Neglect.
  • Zhang, X., Chen, H., & Wang, J. (2024). The impact of maternal childhood trauma on children’s problem behaviors: The mediating role of maternal depression. BMC Psychiatry.

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